Search results for "vɨn ʸ"

ɣaj nm. compound concession (12 groups, 28 languages) A rel. to: vɨn ʸ.
The basic meaning of this root is the entire compound, whilst *vɨn ʸ denotes a single building. The initial *ɣ also has the reflexes /g/ and /h/. The reflex /h/ is regular in Mandara, Malgwa, Muyang, Moloko and Proto-Kotoko North. The reflex /g/ is regular in the Meri sub-group of the Mofu group. In the Mofu subgroup the *ɣ is regularly lost. The *j is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Daba, and is vocalised in Sukur, which are common sporadic processes. It combines with *a in Proto-Kotoko South, which is an unestablished change.

1Proto-Bata *hajɨ hut case 1.1) Sharwa (Gravina) hajə Maison

2Proto-Daba *ga ʸ hut case 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ge house maison 2.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɡe house maison

3Proto-Mafa *gaj hut case 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) gáj case, consession

4Proto-Sukur *ɣi hut case 4.1) Sukur (David) ɣí house 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɣəi home; the house that you live in, especially with your family.

5Proto-Hurza *aga hut case 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) àga at_house_of chez

6Proto-Mandara *ɣaj hut case 6.1) Matal (Branger) gàj hut case 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 1 concession, case, maison 6.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 2 conteneur 6.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) concession (f), maison (f) 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xàːwa entrance hut

7Proto-Mofu *ɣaj hut case 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɣàj house maison 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj maison, concession ; toute construction 7.2.1) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj class classe 7.3) Moloko (Friesen) háj house, compound maison; concession 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ga house maison 7.5) Merey (Gravina) gaj hut case, maison 7.5.1) Merey (Gravina) maison 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj house maison 7.6.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj hut case 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) ʔáj maison (ensemble de case) 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) waj home maison, concession

8Proto-Maroua *gaj hut case 8.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) gái house maison

9Proto-Higi *ɣaj hut case 9.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣʷo house 9.2) Kirya (Blench) ɣàj house 9.3) Psikye (Angelo) ge house 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣjì maison

10Proto-Kotoko North *ho hut case 10.1) Afade (Allison) ho house maison 10.2) Mpade (Allison) ho house maison 10.3) Malgbe (Allison) ha house maison

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɣaa hut case 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɣaa house maison

12Proto-Kotoko South *ɣe hut case 12.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe hut case 12.1.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe house maison
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ɣʷɨvɨn ʸ nm. charcoal charbon de bois (14 groups, 30 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Cental Chadic languages. The final *n has the reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups, as part of a regular change. However this change should have affected the Margi group, but has not. The change *n to *ŋ in several other groups is also regular, as is the change *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North. The initial *ɣʷ has the unestablished reflexes *hʷ in Proto-Hurza and *ᵑgʷ in Proto-Daba. There is also a glottal reflex, probably from the unestablished sequence *ɣ→*g→*ʔ. In Moloko this is realised as /ɗ/. In Proto-Kotoko North the glottal has then fused with the *f to create the ejective *fʼ, which is a common sporadic process. In some groups the fricative component of *ɣʷ has been lost, leaving the labialisation component. This has the reflex *w in Mser, and is reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua, another common sporadic process. The labialisation has attached to another consonant in Proto-Margi. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mofu, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Higi and Proto-Musgum. In some cases the prosody has been vocalised.

1Proto-Bata *ivɨnɨ ʸ charcoal charbon 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ìvə̀njínə charcoal. 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) avihi charbon

2Proto-Daba *ᵑgʷɨvan ʷ charcoal charbon 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡuvoŋ charcoal charbon de bois 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgə̀vānʼ le charbon de bois

3Proto-Mafa *vaŋ charcoal charbon 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaŋ charbon

4Proto-Sukur *vin charcoal charbon de bois 4.1) Sukur (David) vin charcoal charbon

5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨvan charcoal charbon 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) uvon charcoal charbon 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hùvàn coal charbon

6Proto-Margi *vʷɨni charcoal charbon 6.1) Bura (Blench) vina Charcoal charbon 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) vunji charcoal charbon 6.3) Margi South (Harley) uvʷiᵑgi charcoal 6.3.1) Margi South (Harley) uvʷunji charcoal

7Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨvɨrɨ charcoal charbon 7.1) Matal (Branger) aval charcoal charbon 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) uvara,-ə charbon 7.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁùvɾa charcoal charbon

8Proto-Mofu *ɣʷavar ʸ charcoal charbon 8.1) Moloko (Friesen) ɗever carbon charbon 8.2) Zulgo (Haller) aver charbon (m.) de bois 8.2.1) Zulgo (Haller) avér charbon (m.) de bois 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) aver charcoal charbon de bois 8.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ávaŋʷ charbon de bois

9Proto-Maroua *avɨn ʷ charcoal charbon 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) vù Mj, Mt), avoŋ, avu (Mv) (j) charbons éteints

10Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨvani charcoal charbon 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣuvini charcoal 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vwani charcoal le charbon de bois

11Proto-Higi *vɨʔʲɨn charcoal charbon 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjə charcoal charbon 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vəno charcoal charbon 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) və̀ʼì charbon

12Proto-Kotoko North *fʼanfʼan charcoal charbon 12.1) Afade (Allison) fʼanfaʔn charcoal charbon de bois 12.2) Mpade (Allison) fònfòn charcoal charbon de bois 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) fanfan charcoal charbon de bois

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *wɨvan charcoal charbon 13.1) Mser (Allison) uvan charcoal charbon de bois

14Proto-Musgum *avaŋ ʸ charcoal charbon 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aveŋ charbon de bois 14.1.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aŋveŋ charbon de bois 14.2) Muskum (Tourneux) vet charbon de bois
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vɨn ʸ nf. hut case (14 groups, 29 languages) B rel. to: ɣaj.
This root refers to an individual building for living in, rather than the compound as a whole. There was a regular change *v→b in Gidar and in the Meri subgroup of the Mofu group. *b is also found in Proto-Daba and in the Mandara subgroup of the Mandara group, but here the change is irregular. The change *v→f in Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Musgum is also regular. There was a regular word-final change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. The evidence for the palatalisation prosody is limited, but favours including the prosody in the reconstruction.

1Proto-Bata *vɨni hut case 1.1) Bata (Boyd) vɨ̀ne room 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) vɨra maison

2Proto-Daba *bɨŋ hut case 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) bəŋ hut case 2.1.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) bəŋ room pièce (de maison)

3Proto-Mafa *van ʸ hut case 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ room pièce (de maison) 3.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ hut case 3.1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ bedroom chambre (à dormir)

4Proto-Sukur *va hut case 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) va home; the house that you live, especially with your family.

5Proto-Margi *vi hut case 5.1) Kilba (Schuh) vi hut

6Proto-Mandara *bɨrɨ, vɨj hut case 6.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) bere maison, chambre (f) 6.2) Malgwa (Löhr) bəre room, hut 6.3) Glavda (Owens) house, area, quarter of a town (cf. Å‚al) 6.3.1) Glavda (Owens) v house

7Proto-Mofu *vɨr ʸ hut case 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) və̀r woman's bedroom chambre d'une femme 7.2) Moloko (Friesen) ver bedroom chambre 7.3) Zulgo (Haller) bir chambre (f.) du fils 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) bir chambre 7.4.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bəra house chez 7.5) Merey (Gravina) ber hut case, chambre à coucher, pièce

8Proto-Maroua *vɨn ʸ hut case 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ room pièce (de maison) 8.1.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ hut case 8.1.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ house maison 8.1.3) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ bedroom chambre (à dormir) 8.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) viŋ maison

9Proto-Lamang *ivɨŋ hut case 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) ívə̀ŋ hut 9.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) ívə̀ŋì hut 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) viŋ boy's room la chambre du garcãon

10Proto-Higi *vi hut case 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjì sleeping room. 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vi bedroom

11Proto-Kotoko North *fɨn hut case 11.1) Afade (Allison) fɨn hut case 11.2) Mpade (Allison) fɨ̀n hut case 11.3) Malgbe (Allison) fɨn hut case

12Proto-Kotoko Centre *vɨni hut case 12.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨni; guamahɨ hut case 12.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨni e mɨsane bedroom chambre (à dormir) 12.2) Mser (Allison) vrio hut case 12.2.1) Mser (Allison) vɨr a havɨn bedroom chambre (à dormir)

13Proto-Musgum *funɨj hut case 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) funii maison 13.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) funii maison 13.2.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) funii petite poterie à sauce 13.3) Mbara (Tourneux) fiŋaj house maison

14Proto-Gidar *biina hut case 14.1) Gidar (Hungerford) biina case, maison
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